Civilization in Ancient Greece

During this Dark Age, the Greeks, living on a rocky peninsula where large-scale agri close was impossible, invented a impertinently economic system based on olive oil, which was nearly the petroleum of the ancient world. They sent out colonies to Anatolia and all around the Black Sea, as well as to Italy, all of which grew olives and exported olive oil. By about 800 B.C., a new, non-aristocratic merchant class dominated Greek-speaking society, and it was their pragmatism and relative freedom from the "dead hand of the last(prenominal)" that seemingly enabled them to think new thoughts and begin to develop philosophy. It is verbalise that Thales, considered the first philosopher, was in the import-export business, invented the concept of the mathematical proof in order not to be short-changed in overseas transactions, and began persuasion up naturalistic explanations for such phenomena as eclipses and fossils.

Greek culture evolved a system of independent city states that were usually at war with one an new(prenominal), and despite Athenian culture and semipolitical dominance, Athens was overthrown by the conservative and militaristic Spartans, and never regained its source dominance. Greece and such(prenominal) of the rest of the known world was first interrelated under the short-lived empire created by Alexander of Macedon, merely then fell apart into six different provinces rule by his gen durationls. The Mediterranean world was not permanently corporate until it was all conqu

In China, events were much less influenced by outside invasions. The Shang Dynasty seems to have been created by indispensable peoples, and provided a loose confederation of largely autonomous local lords.

The Shang were overthrown by the Chou Dynasty in about 1000 B.C., unless the Chou era was largely a continuation of the equal overall culture and civilization. After the Chou were overthrown by guerilla lords in 771 B.C. and retreated to their eastern capital, there was really no central government, and China gradually disintegrated into small warring states. This era came to an end in 221 B.C., when the ruler of Ch'in (after whom China is named) conquered all the other states, at about the same time that the Romans conquered Greece. The Chin Dynasty was soon replaced by that of the Han, but the new empire continued on.

The mannikin in India was roughly similar. The earlier, autonomous Indus valley civilization apparently was conquered about 1500 by the Indo-European "Indo-European" invaders, who were part of the public expansion of the Indo-European-speaking people going on at that time. This conquering created a class structure that survived into modern times, with the mainly Aryan Brahmin priestly class and Kshatriy
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